Ivanhoe Mines Issues 2023 First Quarter Financial Results, and Overview of Construction and Exploration Activities

Kamoa-Kakula sold 86,777 tonnes of payable copper during the quarter and recognized record revenue of $689 million, as well as record EBITDA of $452 million

Ivanhoe Mines recorded Q1 2023 profit of $82 million, net of $31 million non-cash loss on the convertible bond fair valuation

Kamoa-Kakula produced 93,603 tonnes of copper in Q1 2023, including a record 34,915 tonnes of copper in March, following debottlenecking program completed ahead of schedule

Kamoa-Kakula's quarterly cost of sales total $1.25 per lb. of payable copper; C1 cash costs of $1.42 per lb. towards the lower end of guidance

Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 3 expansion on track for Q4 2024; boosting copper production to a ten-year average of 620,000 tonnes per annum, at C1 cash cost of $1.22/lb.

Ivanhoe Mines commences optimization work on installing hoisting capacity in Shaft 3 at the Tier-One Platreef palladium, nickel, platinum, rhodium, copper and gold mine in South Africa

Ivanhoe Mines agrees off-take terms with Gécamines and Glencore for 100% of Kipushi's zinc concentrate, together with US$250 million facility

Johannesburg, May 3, 2023 - Ivanhoe Mines' (TSX: IVN) (OTCQX: IVPAF) President Marna Cloete and Chief Financial Officer David van Heerden are pleased to present the company's financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Ivanhoe Mines is a leading Canadian mining company that is advancing its four principal mining and exploration projects in Southern Africa: the Phase 3 expansion of the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) that commenced commercial operations in July 2021; the construction of the Platreef palladium, nickel, platinum, rhodium, copper and gold project in South Africa, scheduled for first production in the third quarter of 2024; the restart of the historic Kipushi zinc-copper-lead-germanium mine in the DRC, also scheduled for first production in the third quarter of 2024; and the exploration for new copper discoveries on Ivanhoe's 2,407-square-kilometre Western Foreland exploration project, which is adjacent to Kamoa-Kakula. All figures are in U.S. dollars unless otherwise stated.

FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

• Ivanhoe Mines recorded a profit of $82 million for Q1 2023, compared to a profit of $22 million for the same period in 2022. The profit in the quarter is net of a $31 million non-cash loss on the fair value adjustment of the embedded derivative financial liability of the convertible bond, resulting predominantly from a 14% increase in the share price from C$10.70 per share to C$12.21 per share at quarter end. The profit includes Ivanhoe Mines' share of profit and finance income from the Kamoa-Kakula joint venture of $130 million for Q1 2023.

• Adjusted Q1 2023 EBITDA for the Ivanhoe Mines group of $168 million, compared to $145 million for the same period in 2022, and $162 million for Q4 2022, which includes an attributable share of EBITDA from Kamoa-Kakula.

• During Q1 2023, Kamoa-Kakula sold 86,777 tonnes of payable copper and recognized record revenue of $689 million, with an operating profit of $416 million and record quarterly EBITDA of $452 million.

• Kamoa-Kakula's cost of sales per pound (lb.) of payable copper sold was $1.25/lb. for Q1 2023 compared with $1.08/lb. and $1.08/lb. in Q4 2022 and Q1 2022, respectively. Cash costs (C1) per pound of payable copper produced in Q1 2023 totalled $1.42/lb., compared to $1.42/lb. and $1.21/lb. in Q4 2022 and Q1 2022, respectively.
  
  
• Ivanhoe Mines has a strong balance sheet with cash and cash equivalents of $497 million on hand as at March 31, 2023, and expects Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 1 and Phase 2 cash flow to be sufficient to fund the Phase 3 expansion capital cost requirements at current copper prices.

• Off-take and financing terms agreed with Gécamines and Glencore to return Ivanhoe's ultra-high-grade Kipushi Mine to production in Q3 2024; off-take term sheet for 100% of Kipushi's zinc concentrate, together with a $250-million facility to finance construction.

OPERATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS

• Kamoa-Kakula produced 93,603 tonnes of copper in Q1 2023, including a record 34,915 tonnes of copper in March 2023, following the completion of the debottlenecking program in late February 2023, ahead of schedule and on-budget.

• Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 1 and 2 concentrators have continued to perform strongly, achieving a daily mill throughput record of over 29,000 tonnes, and also achieving recoveries in excess of 88% during March and April, significantly higher than the design rate of 86%.

• Construction for Platreef's Phase 1 concentrator is advancing well and is on track for first production in Q3 2024. The Shaft 2 headgear concrete structure is complete to a height of approximately 79 metres. Shaft 2's overall height will be approximately 100 metres above ground, including the steel structure housing the main winders.

• Ivanhoe initiated an optimization study at Platreef to potentially accelerate production from the Phase 2 expansion. The study will consider the implications of converting the 5.1-metre-diameter ventilation shaft (Shaft 3), which is under construction, to a production shaft with the capability to hoist.

• Surface construction activities and underground development of the Big Zinc orebody at Kipushi are advancing ahead of schedule, with first concentrate production expected in Q3 2024.

• Ivanhoe continues its expansive copper exploration program on its Western Foreland licences that cover approximately 2,407 square kilometres adjacent to Kamoa-Kakula. Diamond drilling commenced in early January with a single contractor rig, which was increased to three rigs by the end of March, together with an Ivanhoe Land Cruiser mounted diamond drill rig. A total of 4,883 meters of diamond core was drilled during the quarter, which was wet season.

• Ivanhoe Mines published its sixth annual Sustainability Report, underscoring the company's ongoing commitment to "mining with a greater purpose" and its pursuit to be a global leader in responsible mining. Please visit www.ivanhoemines.com to view the report.

Watch a Q1 2023 video of operations and construction activities at Kamoa-Kakula: https://vimeo.com/823071306/8b676323fb

https://vimeo.com/823071306/8b676323fb

Read Ivanhoe's First Quarter 2023 Sustainability Update: https://bit.ly/40XMxeC

https://bit.ly/40XMxeC

Q1 2023 conference call for investors

Ivanhoe Mines will hold an investor conference call to discuss its Q1 2023 financial results at 10:30 a.m. Eastern time / 7:30 a.m. Pacific time on Wednesday, May 3. The conference call will conclude with a question-and-answer (Q&A) session. Media are invited to attend on a listen-only basis.

To view the webcast please use the following link: https://edge.media-server.com/mmc/p/i6yyz97g

Analysts are invited to join by phone for the Q&A using the following link: https://register.vevent.com/register/BI639b8647ae7c4cf6802991597dd26b68

An audio webcast recording of the conference call, together with supporting presentation slides, will be available on Ivanhoe Mines' website at www.ivanhoemines.com.

After issuance, the Financial Statements and Management's Discussion and Analysis will be available at www.ivanhoemines.com and www.sedar.com.

Principal projects and review of activities

1. Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex
39.6%-owned by Ivanhoe Mines
Democratic Republic of Congo

The Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex operated as the Kamoa Holding joint venture between Ivanhoe Mines and Zijin Mining, has been independently ranked as the world's third-largest copper deposit by international mining consultant Wood Mackenzie in 2027. The project is approximately 25 kilometres southwest of the town of Kolwezi and about 270 kilometres west of Lubumbashi. Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex's Phase 1 concentrator began producing copper in May 2021 and achieved commercial production on July 1, 2021. The Phase 2 concentrator, which doubled nameplate production capacity, was commissioned in April 2022.

Ivanhoe sold a 49.5% share interest in Kamoa Holding Limited (Kamoa Holding) to Zijin Mining and a 1% share interest in Kamoa Holding to privately owned Crystal River in December 2015. Kamoa Holding holds an 80% interest in the project. Ivanhoe and Zijin Mining each hold an indirect 39.6% interest in Kamoa-Kakula, Crystal River holds an indirect 0.8% interest, and the DRC government holds a direct 20% interest. Kamoa-Kakula's employee workforce is currently 97% Congolese.

Aerial view of Kamoa-Kakula's Copper Complex, which is now operating at a recently increased processing capacity of 9.2 million tonnes per annum, and production capacity of up to 450,000 tonnes of copper per annum.

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Kamoa-Kakula summary of operating and financial data

All figures in the above tables are on a 100%-project basis. Metal reported in concentrate is before refining losses or deductions associated with smelter terms. This MD&A includes "EBITDA", "Adjusted EBITDA", "EBITDA margin" and "Cash costs (C1)" which are non-GAAP financial performance measures. For a detailed description of each of the non-GAAP financial performance measures used herein and a detailed reconciliation to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS, please refer to the non-GAAP Financial Performance Measures section in the MD&A .

C1 cash cost per pound of payable copper produced can be further broken down as follows:

C1 cash costs are prepared on a basis consistent with the industry standard definitions by Wood Mackenzie cost guidelines but are not measures recognized under IFRS. In calculating the C1 cash cost, the costs are measured on the same basis as the Company's share of profit from the Kamoa Holding joint venture that is contained in the financial statements. C1 cash costs are used by management to evaluate operating performance and include all direct mining, processing, and general and administrative costs. Smelter charges and freight deductions on sales to the final port of destination, which are recognized as a component of sales revenues, are added to C1 cash cost to arrive at an approximate cost of delivered, finished metal. C1 cash costs exclude royalties and production taxes and non-routine charges as they are not direct production costs.

John Katumbwe, Scooptram (LHD) driver, developing the twin decline to the new Kamoa 1 and Kamoa 2 underground mines, which will be the source of copper ore for Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 3 concentrator. Total copper production from Kamoa-Kakula is expected to increase to 600,000 tonnes per annum in Q4 2024.

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Kamoa-Kakula produced 93,603 tonnes of copper in Q1 2023, including a record 34,915 tonnes of copper in March 2023

Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 1 and 2 concentrators are now regularly operating at the increased processing rate of 9.2 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa), following the completion of the debottlenecking program. The $50-million Phase 1 and 2 concentrator debottlenecking program was completed on budget and ahead of schedule in late February 2023, increasing production capacity up to 450,000 tonnes of copper in concentrate per annum. All figures are on a 100% project basis and metal reported in concentrate is before refining losses or deductions associated with smelter terms.

Following the completion of the debottlenecking program in February, Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 1 and 2 concentrators had a record-breaking month in March for copper production, including a monthly production record of 34,915 tonnes of copper in concentrate, in addition to a weekly production record of 9,016 tonnes in mid-March, and a daily production record of 1,563 tonnes on March 25, 2023. These records were achieved following two scheduled plant shutdowns during the first quarter to tie in the new debottlenecking equipment. During the month of April, strong concentrator performance continued with a record daily mill throughput achieved of 29,206 tonnes of ore.

Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 1 and 2 concentrators milled approximately 1.93 million tonnes of ore during the first quarter at an average feed grade of 5.42% copper. This included approximately 255,000 tonnes of ore from the surface stockpiles.

(L-R) Chris Tshibanda, Control Room Supervisor; Linda Malumda, Senior Operator Larox; Rachelle Museka, Mill Operator; Serge Mukembe, Control Room Supervisor at Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 1 and Phase 2 concentrator facility, which is now operating at a throughput capacity of 9.2 Mtpa following the successful debottlenecking program.

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The Phase 1 and Phase 2 concentrators also substantially outperformed design specifications in terms of copper recovery during the months of March and April. Copper recoveries averaged 88% and periodically exceeded 90% over a 24-hour periods. These record recoveries are significantly above Kamoa-Kakula's nameplate 86% recovery rate.

The record monthly production in March was also achieved despite previously reported instability within the southern DRC grid.

In response to the instability in the southern DRC grid experienced since December 2022, Kamoa-Kakula, together with DRC state-owned power company SNEL, completed a study to tackle the vulnerabilities exposed in the grid network.

Grid stability improved during the month of April, following some initial infrastructure management and maintenance initiatives that SNEL introduced with support from Kamoa Copper. In addition, 60 MW of additional generation capacity from the recently refurbished Nseke hydroelectric power station was introduced into the DRC network. Further initiatives will continue to be implemented over the coming year, benefiting not only the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex, but all users of the DRC's southern grid.

Kamoa-Kakula is also planning to protect operations from potential future grid instability with significantly increased on-site power generation capacity. The current installed backup generation capacity on-site is approximately 32 MW. Over time there is a plan to increase this to over 200 MW in a phased roll-out to achieve sufficient redundancy to meet the total power requirement for Phases 1, 2 and 3, excluding the smelter in situations where extended supply interruptions may occur.

(L-R) Johan Prinsloo, Mine Overseer, and Thabo Kgaladi, Foreman, inspecting newly-installed panels at the new Kamoa 1 underground substation.

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In the roll-out plan, an additional 11 MW is expected to be commissioned in Q2 2023 with a further 49 MW planned to be delivered to site towards the end of 2023. Study work is underway on further options for additional on-site backup power capacity, including renewable options, such as solar and hydro, together with battery storage.

Discussions are well advanced to secure up to an additional 100 MW of power from Copperbelt Energy Corporation (CEC) of Zambia, via the DRC-Zambia interconnector. An agreement is expected to be in place shortly.

Draw-down of surface ore stockpiles at Kakula continues as required; stockpiles hold approximately 4.2 million tonnes grading 3.9% copper, containing more than 161,000 tonnes of copper

Kamoa-Kakula's high- and medium-grade ore surface stockpiles totaled approximately 4.2 million tonnes at an estimated grade of 3.9% copper as of the end of March 2023. Excluding any stockpile material, during Q1 2023 the operation mined 2.02 million tonnes of ore from the Kakula and Kansoko mines, grading 5.2% copper. This comprised of 1.83 million tonnes of ore grading 5.6% copper from the Kakula Mine, including 0.75 million tonnes grading 6.7% copper from the mine's high-grade centre.

While the ongoing expansion of underground infrastructure at the Kakula mine takes place, ore will be drawn as required from the stockpile to maximize copper production.

Civil construction for the Phase 3 concentrator plant and associated infrastructure is well advanced

Kamoa-Kakula's ongoing Phase 3 expansion is expected to be commissioned in Q4 2024 and includes a new 5.0-million-tonne-per-annum (Mtpa) concentrator at Kamoa, which is approximately 10 kilometres north of the Phase 1 and 2 concentrators.

The process design of the Phase 3 concentrator is very similar to that of the Phase 1 and 2 concentrators, only larger. The front end of the concentrator (stockpile, crushing and screening) is being built to a capacity of 10 Mtpa, double the required capacity for Phase 3, in anticipation of the future Phase 4 expansion. This follows the same construction approach as that of Phase 1 and Phase 2. The bulk of the equipment is the same or similar to that installed in the Phase 1 and 2 concentrators, resulting in a commonality of spare parts, while leveraging prior operational and maintenance experience.

Detailed design is nearing completion and procurement activities are advancing on schedule with all major equipment ordered and the first steel erection expected around June 2023. Earthworks are essentially complete and civil construction is well-advanced. The structural steel, piping and plate work (SMPP) construction contract is expected to be rewarded shortly.

Erection of Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 3 high-pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) building is well underway.

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Civil construction on the foundation for Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 3 flotation cells is also advancing well.

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Following the commissioning of Phase 3, Kamoa-Kakula will have a total design processing capacity of 14.2 Mtpa. The completion of Phase 3 is expected to increase annualized copper production to an average of approximately 620,000 tonnes per year over the next ten years, which will position Kamoa Copper as the world's third-largest copper mining complex in 2027, and the largest copper mine on the African continent.

Kamoa 1 underground mining crew installing geotechnical support to the roof of an advancing development drive. The mining crews developing the new Kamoa 1 and 2 mines, as part of the Phase 3 expansion, recently achieved 365 lost-time-injury-free days.

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Construction of the twin declines to the Kamoa 1 and Kamoa 2 underground mines and excavation to access the Phase 3 mining areas is advancing well. The Kamoa 1 and Kamoa 2 mines share a single box cut with a twin service-and-conveyor decline. Over 2,000 metres of development across both declines has been completed to date and access to the Kamoa 2 mine has been achieved. Underground mining activities are expected to commence at Kamoa 1 in late 2023 and Kamoa 2 in 2025, which will both involve the same mechanized drift-and-fill mining methods used at the Kakula Mine.

Figure 1. World's projected top 10 copper mines in 2027, by key metrics.

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Note: Kamoa-Kakula production and grade are based on the Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS. The 'Cu Head Grade' for the projects benchmarked by Wood Mackenzie reflects the average reserve grade.

Source: Wood Mackenzie, 2023 (based on public disclosure, the Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS has not been reviewed by Wood Mackenzie).

Construction activities for Kamoa-Kakula's direct-to-blister flash copper smelter and the refurbishment of the Inga II hydroelectric facility are advancing on schedule

Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 3 expansion includes a direct-to-blister flash copper smelter that will incorporate leading-edge technology supplied by Metso Outotec of Espoo, Finland. The smelter is projected to be one of the largest, single-line copper flash smelters in the world, and the largest in Africa, with a production capacity of 500,000 tonnes per annum of 99+%-pure blister copper anodes. The 100-hectare smelter complex is being constructed adjacent to the Phase 1 and Phase 2 concentrator plants and is designed to meet the International Finance Corporation's (IFC) emissions standards.

Smelter engineering, procurement and fabrication are advancing well and on schedule, with all major equipment currently being fabricated. Construction activities on the direct-to-blister flash copper smelter are advancing on schedule and the overall project is approximately 42% complete. The bulk of the terracing earthworks for the smelter complex were completed in 2022 and the civil construction is now well advanced, with the erection of structural steel well underway. The first batch of furnace steel arrived on site in January 2023. The smelter is on schedule for commissioning by the end of 2024.

The smelter will have a processing capacity of approximately 1.2 Mtpa of dry concentrate feed and is designed to run on a blend of concentrate produced from the Kakula (Phase 1 and 2) and Kamoa (Phase 3 and future Phase 4) concentrators. Under the Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS, the smelter is projected to accommodate approximately 80% of Kamoa-Kakula's total concentrate production, including that from Phase 3 and the future Phase 4 expansion. Kamoa-Kakula will continue to toll-treat concentrates under the 10-year agreement with the Lualaba Copper Smelter, located near the town of Kolwezi approximately 50 kilometres from Kamoa-Kakula, which is expected to account for approximately 150,000 tonnes of copper concentrate annually. The balance of copper production will be exported as concentrate.

Construction of the smelter building, which will house Kamoa-Kakula's direct-to-blister furnace, is progressing well.

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As a by-product, the smelter will also produce between 650,000 and 800,000 tonnes per annum of high-strength sulphuric acid that is expected to be sold in the domestic DRC market.

The on-site smelter will offer transformative financial benefits for the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex, most notably of which is a material reduction in logistics costs, and to a lesser extent reduced concentrate treatment charges and local taxes, as well as revenue from the acid sales. Logistics costs alone accounted for 32% of Kamoa-Kakula's total cash costs (C1) during Q1 2023, and the volume of shipments per unit of copper will be more than halved by selling 99+%-pure blister copper anodes instead of copper concentrate. According to the Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS, smelter commissioning is expected to drive a decrease in average cash costs (C1) over the first five years (from 2025) to approximately $1.15/lb. of copper, a 21% reduction from the midpoint of the 2023 guidance of $1.45/lb. of payable copper produced.

Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 3 expansion also includes the replacement of Turbine #5 at the Inga II hydroelectric power station. The turbine replacement will supply an additional 178 megawatts (MW) of clean hydroelectric power to the national grid and provide power for Phase 3.

Rehabilitation work at the Inga II facility is advancing well, with the team from lead-contractor Voith Hydro mobilized to the Inga II site in Q4 2022. Dismantling works on the existing alternator are ongoing, as well as the fabrication of a new runner. Study work is also progressing well to upgrade the transmission capacity of the existing grid infrastructure between the Inga II hydropower facility and the Kamoa site.

Manufacturing is underway on Kamoa-Kakula's anode furnace shell for the direct-to-blister smelter.

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Outstanding economic results of updated, independent Integrated Development Plan (2023 IDP) for world-leading Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex

Ivanhoe Mines announced the results of an updated independent Integrated Development Plan (2023 IDP) for the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex on January 30, 2023. The 2023 IDP consists of a Pre-Feasibility Study (Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS) for the Phase 3 and Phase 4 expansions of the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex over a 33-year mine life, as well as an updated Preliminary Economic Assessment (Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PEA) that includes a life-of-mine extension case to 42 years overall.

The Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS (Phase 3 and 4 expansion) plans for a staged increase in nameplate processing capacity from the current combined capacity of 9.2 Mtpa, up to a total of 19.2 Mtpa. The Phase 1 and 2 concentrators will continue to process ore from the Kakula Mine, as well as the new adjacent Kakula West Mine from 2029. The Phase 3, 5.0 Mtpa concentrator, which is under construction and on target for the first concentrate in Q4 2024, will be fed with ore from the existing Kansoko Sud Mine (formerly Kansoko Mine), as well as new mines currently under development in the Kamoa area, known as Kamoa 1 and 2. The Phase 4 expansion consists of an additional 5.0 Mtpa concentrator that will take the total processing capacity of the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex up to 19.2 Mtpa. The Phase 4 concentrator will be fed by new mines in the Kamoa area.

The completion of the Phase 3 expansion in Q4 2024 is planned to coincide with the commissioning of an on-site, direct-to-blister flash copper smelter capable of producing 500,000 tonnes per annum of copper anode.

Highlights of the Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS (Phase 3 and 4 expansion) include:

• Phase 1 and 2 at steady-state throughput (9.2 Mtpa) for the first two years, following the completion of the debottlenecking program by Q2 2023, generating cash flow to fund the ongoing capital expenditures.

• Phase 3 expansion to 14.2 Mtpa processing capacity from late 2024 drives a significant increase in copper production, which is forecast to average 620,000 tonnes during the first ten years.

• Commissioning of the 500,000 tonne-per-annum smelter in conjunction with Phase 3 results in a significant improvement in operating cost.

• A significant period of cash flow generation in the first five years following Phase 3 (2025 to 2029) with copper production averaging approximately 650,000 tonnes at a cash cost (C1) of $1.15/lb.

• Phase 4 expansion, ramping up 19.2 Mtpa processing capacity after 2030, will allow sustained copper production of over 500,000 tonnes per year through 2047.

• The remaining Phase 3 capital cost, including contingency, is $3.04 billion, excluding $255 million already spent through December 2022. Of the $3.04 billion, $2.53 billion is spent during 2023 and 2024 up to the commissioning of the Phase 3 concentrator, with the remaining capital cost for the continuing ramp-up of the mining operations thereafter.

• After-tax NPV, at an 8% discount rate, of $19.1 billion and a mine life of 33 years at a long-term copper price of $3.70/lb.

The Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PEA (Life-of-mine extension case) projects a nine-year mine life extension of the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex, in addition to the Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS. This case includes the addition of four new underground mines in the Kamoa area (called Kamoa 3, 4, 5 and 6) to maintain the overall throughput rate of up to 19.2 Mtpa.

Highlights of the Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PEA (Life-of-mine extension case) include:

• Life-of-mine extension case shows the potential to maintain the processing rate at up to 19.2 Mtpa for an additional 9 years beyond the 33 years in the Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS.

• The sequential ramp-up of four new underground mines in the Kamoa area (called Kamoa 3, 4, 5 and 6) providing an additional 181.2 Mt of feed to the Kamoa and Kakula concentrators at an average grade of 3.1% copper, producing an additional 4.8 Mt of contained copper in concentrate.

• After-tax NPV, at an 8% discount rate, of $20.2 billion and mine life of 42 years.

The Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PEA is preliminary and includes an economic analysis that is based, in part, on Inferred Mineral Resources. Inferred Mineral Resources are considered too speculative geologically for the application of economic considerations that would allow them to be categorized as Mineral Reserves - and there is no certainty that the results will be realized. Mineral Resources do not have demonstrated economic viability and are not Mineral Reserves.

The Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS and Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PEA were independently prepared by OreWin Pty Ltd. of Adelaide, Australia; China Nerin Engineering Co., Ltd., of Jiangxi, China; DRA Global of Johannesburg, South Africa; Epoch Resources of Johannesburg, South Africa; Golder Associates Africa of Midrand, South Africa; Metso-Outotec Oyj of Helsinki, Finland; Paterson and Cooke of Cape Town, South Africa; SRK Consulting Inc. of Johannesburg, South Africa; and MSA Group of Johannesburg, South Africa. The National Instrument 43-101 technical report dated March 6, 2023, was filed on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and on the Ivanhoe Mines website at www.ivanhoemines.com.

Copper production and cash cost guidance for 2023

The figures are on a 100%-project basis and metal reported in concentrate is before refining losses or deductions associated with smelter terms. Kamoa-Kakula's 2023 guidance is based on several assumptions and estimates and involves estimates of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results to differ materially.

Production guidance is based on assumptions about the disruption of power supply, among other things. The Kamoa-Kakula joint venture produced a total of 333,497 tonnes of copper in concentrate for the year ending December 31, 2022, and 93,603 tonnes in the first quarter of 2023 including 34,915 tonnes of copper in concentrate in March 2023.

Cash costs (C1) per pound of payable copper amounted to $1.42 for Q1 2023 and to $1.42 for the fourth quarter of 2022.

Cash cost (C1) guidance is based on assumptions including, among other things, prevailing logistics costs based on estimated regional trucking capacity, particularly as regional idled operations are expected to come online, as well as increased benchmark treatment and refining charges, and inflation in consumables and other inputs.

C1 cash cost is a non-GAAP measure used by management to evaluate operating performance and includes all direct mining, processing, stockpile rehandling charges, and general and administrative costs. Smelter charges and freight deductions on sales to the final port of destination (typically China), which are recognized as a component of sales revenues, are added to C1 cash cost to arrive at an approximate cost of delivered finished metal.

For historical comparatives, see the non-GAAP Financial Performance Measures section of the MD&A.

2. Platreef Project
64%-owned by Ivanhoe Mines
South Africa

The Platreef Project is owned by Ivanplats (Pty) Ltd (Ivanplats), which is 64%-owned by Ivanhoe Mines. A 26% interest is held by Ivanplats' historically disadvantaged, broad-based, black economic empowerment (B-BBEE) partners, which include 20 local host communities with approximately 150,000 people, project employees and local entrepreneurs. A Japanese consortium of ITOCHU Corporation, Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation, and Japan Gas Corporation, owns a 10% interest in Ivanplats, which it acquired in two tranches for a total investment of $290 million.

The Platreef Project hosts an underground deposit of thick, platinum-group metals, nickel, copper, and gold mineralization on the Northern Limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex in Limpopo Province - approximately 280 kilometres northeast of Johannesburg and eight kilometres from the town of Mokopane.

On the Northern Limb, platinum-group metals mineralization is primarily hosted within the Platreef, a mineralized sequence traced for more than 30 kilometres along the strike. Ivanhoe's Platreef Project, within the Platreef's southern sector, is comprised of two contiguous properties: Turfspruit and Macalacaskop. Turfspruit, the northernmost property, is contiguous with, and along strike from, Anglo Platinum's Mogalakwena group of mining operations and properties.

Aerial photo dated April 2023 of the Platreef mine site, with Shaft 1 on the right and Shaft 2, which has reached 79 metres in height, on the left.

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Since 2007, Ivanhoe has focused its exploration and development activities on defining and advancing the down-dip extension of its original discovery at Platreef, now known as the Flatreef Deposit, which is amenable to highly mechanized, underground mining methods. With Shaft 1, the initial access to the deposit, now in operation and hoisting development rock from underground, Ivanhoe is focusing on construction activities to bring Phase 1 of Platreef into production by Q3 2024.

Platreef development is currently funded by $300-million stream financing, with efforts to finalize an additional senior debt facility targeted for completion in mid-2023.

Surface construction activities and lateral underground mine development are progressing well

Underground development work has been focused on the vertical development of waste passes between the 750-metre, 850-metre and 950-metre levels, and lateral development towards the orebody, as well as lateral development required for underground infrastructure on each level including access to the bottom of Shaft 3 on the 950-metre level. Shaft 3, with a diameter of 5.1 metres, is currently being reamed with approximately 150 metres of 950 metres completed to date, with planned completion in Q4 2023. More than 1,700 metres of lateral development has been completed to date across all three levels, as well as over 200 metres of vertical development between the three levels.

Construction for Platreef's Phase 1 concentrator has commenced, including the concentrate thickener and tailings thickener (on the left) and the flotation cells (on the right).

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Construction for Platreef's Phase 1 concentrator has commenced, with the first production on schedule for Q3 2024. Earthworks and civils are well advanced and progressing on schedule. Long-lead equipment orders were placed with the majority of items scheduled for delivery in Q3 2023. The SMPP contractor has been appointed and mobilization to the site has commenced. Over 800 tonnes of structural steel are in fabrication, with over 160 tonnes ready for delivery. The electrical, control & instrumentation (EC&I) contract award is planned for mid-2023 with site mobilization expected in Q3 2023.

The 10-metre diameter Shaft 2 currently under construction will have a hoisting capacity of 8 Mtpa. Shaft 2 will be utilized in subsequent development phases and will be among the largest hoisting shafts in the world. The Shaft 2 headgear concrete structure has been completed to a height of approximately 79 metres. Shaft 2's overall height will be approximately 100 metres above ground, including the steel structure housing the main winders.

Drilling of the pilot drill in Shaft 2 down to the shaft bottom commenced in Q1 2023. A total of 680 metres have already been completed with drilling on schedule to finish during Q2 2023, whereafter reaming of a 3.1-metre diameter hole is planned.

Construction of Platreef's first 5 MW solar-power plant commenced in Q4 2022 with commissioning expected later this year. The power generated by this plant will support development activities and operations, together with other renewable energy sources to be introduced over time.

Mining crew underground on Platreef's 950-metre level, where mine development is underway ahead of Phase 1 first production, which is expected in Q3 2024.

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Optimization work is underway to potentially accelerate Platreef's Phase 2 expansion

Ivanhoe has initiated optimization work to identify value-accretive options for installing hoisting capacity in Shaft 3. Shaft 3, originally planned as a ventilation and second escape shaft, is currently under construction and is now planned to be equipped for hoisting, which will provide additional hoisting capacity to remove ore and waste from the underground mine. This has the benefit of de-risking the development and ramp-up of the Phase 1 mine and may be used to accelerate the ramp-up of underground mining activities for Phase 2, in advance of the completion of Shaft 2, which is expected in 2027.

The Shaft 3 design and engineering order has been placed and the required rock winder for Shaft 3 has been secured.

3. Kipushi Project
68%-owned by Ivanhoe Mines
Democratic Republic of Congo

The Kipushi zinc-copper-germanium-silver-lead mine in the DRC is adjacent to the town of Kipushi, approximately 30 kilometres southwest of Lubumbashi on the Central African Copper Belt. Kipushi is approximately 250 kilometres southeast of the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex and less than one kilometre from the Zambian border. Ivanhoe acquired its 68% interest in the Kipushi Project in November 2011, through Kipushi Holding which is 100%-owned by Ivanhoe Mines. The balance of 32% in the Kipushi Project is held by the state-owned mining company, Gécamines.

The 2022 feasibility study focuses on the mining of Kipushi's zinc-rich Big Zinc and Southern Zinc zones, with an estimated 11.8 million tonnes of Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources grading 35.3% zinc. Kipushi's exceptional zinc grade is more than twice that of the world's next- highest-grade zinc project, according to Wood Mackenzie, a leading, international industry research and consulting group.

On April 27, 2023, Ivanhoe Mines announced the signing of a tri-partite off-take and financing term sheet between Kipushi Corporation SA, Gécamines and Glencore International AG (Glencore) to return the historic Kipushi zinc-copper-lead-germanium mine to production.

The off-take is for 100% of Kipushi's zinc concentrates; between 400,000 and 600,000 dry metric tonnes per annum over a five-year term. The off-take term sheet contains standard, international commercial terms, including payables and treatment charges based on the zinc industry's annual benchmark. The concentrate produced by Kipushi is expected to contain approximately 55% zinc and low levels of impurities. The buyer will purchase the concentrate at the Kipushi Mine on a free-carrier basis, meaning the buyer will be responsible for arranging freight and shipment to the destination, with such costs reimbursed by Kipushi.

The $250 million term financing facility will be split into two tranches and drawn down quarterly, subject to conditions precedent. The facility will bear an annual interest rate of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus 7% and shall be repaid, following a 24-month grace period from signing, in quarterly instalments over 36 months.

The off-take and financing term sheet is subject to the execution of final, binding agreements, which are expected to be concluded in conjunction with the new Kipushi joint-venture agreement.

(L-R) Olivier Binyingo, SVP Public Affairs DRC, Ivanhoe Mines; Placide Nkala Basadilua, GM, Gécamines; Marna Cloete, President, Ivanhoe Mines; and Guy-Robert Lukama Nkunzi, Chairman, Gécamines, during an underground visit to Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex, following the signing of the off-take and financing term sheet at Kipushi.

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As previously reported, Kipushi Holding and Gécamines signed a new agreement to return the ultra-high-grade Kipushi Mine to commercial production in Q1 2022, which sets out the commercial terms that will form the basis of a new Kipushi joint-venture agreement establishing a robust framework for the mutually beneficial operation of Kipushi for years to come and are subject to execution of definitive documentation. Once the agreement is concluded, it is anticipated that Ivanhoe Mines' ownership in the Kipushi Project will reduce to 62%, with Gécamines holding the balance of 38%.

Surface construction activities are advancing on schedule to return Kipushi to production in Q3 2024

Civil work on Kipushi's processing plant is nearing completion, with site and steel erection now underway.

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Detailed design for the Kipushi concentrator and associated surface infrastructure is effectively complete, with procurement activities well advanced. Fabrication is advancing well and on schedule with all major equipment currently being fabricated. The bulk of the earthworks and civilworks is nearing completion and steel erection has started. The ball mill, currently being fabricated by CITIC Heavy Industries in China, is on track and site delivery is planned for Q3 2023. First concentrate is on schedule to occur in Q3 2024.

Underground development work at Kipushi advancing ahead of schedule, access drive development focused around the top of the Big Zinc orebody

Underground mine development around Kipushi's Big Zinc orebody is advancing ahead of schedule. Stope perimeter drives are being developed on the 1,245m, 1,260m, 1,290m and 1,320m levels, with stope access development at the 1,335-metre level advancing well. Waste rock and low-grade mineralized rock from the advancement of the perimeter and access drives are being hoisted to the surface through Shaft 5 and stockpiled.

A total of 682 metres of underground development was completed within the mining footprint area during Q1 2023. Underground development continued along the critical path whilst additional resources are being mobilized. The first two Epiroc double boom drill rigs arrived on site and have safely been delivered underground and assembled in the workshop on the 1,150-metre level.

Shaft 5 is planned to be the main production shaft once operations commence, with a maximum hoisting capacity of up to 1.8 Mtpa. The bottom of Shaft 5 provides primary access to the lower levels of the mine, including the Big Zinc orebody, along the 1,150-metre haulage level.

Mining will be conducted using highly productive, mechanized methods. Cemented rock fill, utilizing discarded material from the Dense Media Separation (DMS) plant, will be used to backfill open stopes, this will reduce surface tailings volumes and maximize ore extraction.

Stoping of the Big Zinc orebody is expected to commence in early 2024, to build a high-grade ore stockpile ahead of processing plant commissioning in Q3 2024.

3D rendering of the Kipushi 800,000 tonnes-per-annum concentrator. scheduled to produce first concentrate in Q3 2024.

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Eutychus Phiri, Drill Operator, operating a drilling rig on Kipushi's 1,335-metre level. At the end of the first quarter, underground development was advancing ahead of schedule

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Mechanics Ndaye Ngoie and Banza Ngoie perform routine maintenance at Kipushi's 1,200-metre-level pump station.

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Dedicated Kipushi commercial border crossing to unlock direct access to Zambia

Kasumbalesa and Sakania, in Haut-Katanga, are the two commercial border crossings that currently handle most imports and exports originating from the DRC Copperbelt. They are located 110 kilometres and 230 kilometres by road southeast of Kipushi, respectively. The Kasumbalesa border experienced significant congestion in 2022 and Ivanhoe Mines has been working with the provincial government of Haut-Katanga on a series of initiatives to reduce border congestion and streamline the process of clearing mineral products for export.

One such initiative included a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), signed in Q3 2022, between the province of Haut-Katanga and Ivanhoe Mines, to study options for a new commercial DRC-Zambia border crossing at the town of Kipushi.

Figure 2. Map of the current and planned commercial DRC-Zambia border infrastructure.

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A new commercial DRC-Zambia border crossing at Kipushi will not only benefit the Kipushi Mine but also Kamoa-Kakula as an additional route for exporting concentrate products. In addition, the border crossing will provide socio-economic benefits to the local community of Kipushi and Lubumbashi, the capital of Haut-Katanga province, which is less than 20 kilometres away.

Initial studies have been completed and the various options presented are currently under review by the provincial government of Haut-Katanga and are being discussed with the national authorities in the DRC. Concurrently, a study is underway to upgrade roads for commercial traffic on the Zambian side of the border, connecting the T5 highway to the Kipushi border (See Figure 2). The Zambian government has already commenced improvements on some sections, with further infrastructure upgrades and all-weather proofing planned to take place over the next 12 to 18 months.

4. Western Foreland Exploration Project
90%- to 100%-owned by Ivanhoe Mines
Democratic Republic of Congo

Ivanhoe's DRC exploration group is targeting Kamoa-Kakula-style copper mineralization on its Western Foreland exploration licences. The 17 licences in the Western Foreland cover a combined area of 2,407 square kilometres to the north, south and west of the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex. The exploration group is using models that successfully led to the discoveries of Kakula, Kakula West, and the Kamoa North Bonanza Zone on the Kamoa Copper SA mining licence. The group is composed of a mixture of the same exploration geologists responsible for the previous discoveries and others with experience in the greater Copper Belt.

Diamond drilling began in early January with a single contractor rig, which was increased to three rigs by the end of March, together with an Ivanhoe Land Cruiser mounted diamond drill rig. A total of 4,883 meters of diamond core was drilled during the quarter, which was the wet season.

No ground geophysics data acquisition was carried out in the quarter due to the wet season, but density, magnetic susceptibility and conductivity data have been collected from core samples. Significant advances have been made in understanding ground gravity collected in 2022 and how this can be used as a targeting tool in the Western Foreland shelf. Exploration activities will now be entering the dry season, until Q4 2023 when the wet season occurs.

An update of the Makoko stratigraphic model was completed in Q1 2023 in preparation for the Mineral Resource estimate for the Western Foreland's Makoko and Kiala high-grade copper discoveries, planned for mid-year.

Western Foreland's 2023 exploration program is budgeted at approximately $19 million, including up to 70,000 metres of drilling.

5. The Mokopane Feeder Exploration Project
100%-owned by Ivanhoe Mines
South Africa

Three new 100%-owned exploration rights were granted on the Northern Limb of the Bushveld complex in South Africa during Q4 2022. The three new exploration rights (Blinkwater 244KR, Moordrift 289KR and Lisbon 288KR) cover 80 square kilometres forming a continuous block situated on the southwest border of the existing Platreef Project's mining rights.

Figure 3. Image of the Platreef and Mokopane Feeder licences overlaid on the gravity geophysics anomaly.

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The three new exploration rights together with Ivanhoe's existing properties cover a large geophysical gravity anomaly that was previously identified from a widely spaced regional ground gravity survey. Academic studies based on historical data hypothesize that the anomaly represents a primary feeder zone to the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Northern Limb of the Bushveld Complex. Significant thickening of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, particularly of the more-dense Lower Zone units, is necessary to explain the large gravity anomaly. The proximity of the proposed feeder to the regional-scale crustal faults (the Ysterberg-Planknek and the Zebediela faults), as well as the anomalously thick zones of platinum-group metals mineralization at the Platreef Deposit, lead Ivanhoe to believe there is significant potential for mineralization to be associated with this gravity feature.

A detailed high-resolution, airborne-magnetic and gradiometer-gravity geophysical survey is currently being flown to better understand the conceptual target. Two separate surveys, a high-resolution magnetic and a wider-spaced Falcon gravity survey, are being flown. The magnetic survey was 50% complete at quarter end, with the gravity survey to follow thereafter. Diamond drilling will be conducted later in the year on targets identified from the results of the two surveys.

Safety and Sustainability

Kamoa-Kakula recorded one lost time injury during Q1 2023 with a Total Recordable Injury Frequency Rate (TRIFR) (total injuries recorded per 1,000,000 hours worked) of 1.01. The Platreef Project recorded zero lost time injuries in the quarter and reached 1,049,350 hours worked free of a lost-time injury with a TRIFR of 1.56, and the Kipushi Project also recorded zero lost time injuries in the quarter and reached 1,469,552 hours worked free of a lost-time injury with a TRIFR of 1.20.

Ivanhoe Mines published its sixth annual Sustainability Report on April 13, 2023, summarizing the Company's sustainability activities, performance, and results for 2022 and underscoring its ongoing commitment to "mining with a greater purpose" and its pursuit to be a global leader of sustainable mining.

Ivanhoe Mines has published its First Quarter 2023 Sustainability Update on the Company's website. The update can be viewed here: https://ivanhoemines.com/investors/sustainability-report/.

Ivanhoe invites its investors and stakeholders to learn more about its exceptional sustainability efforts, by reading and experiencing the 2022 Sustainability Report at: https://ivanhoemines.com/investors/sustainability-report/.

SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

The following table summarizes selected financial information for the prior eight quarters. Ivanhoe had no operating revenue in any financial reporting period. All operating revenue from commercial production at Kamoa-Kakula is recognized within the Kamoa Holding joint venture. Ivanhoe did not declare or pay any dividend or distribution in any financial reporting period.

DISCUSSION OF OPERATING RESULTS

Review of the three months ended March 31, 2023 vs. March 31, 2022

The Company recorded a profit for Q1 2023 of $82 million compared to a profit of $22 million for the same period in 2022. The total comprehensive income for Q1 2023 was $69 million compared to $43 million for Q1 2022.

The Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex sold 86,777 tonnes of payable copper in Q1 2023 realizing revenue of $689 million for the Kamoa Holding joint venture, compared to 51,919 tonnes of payable copper sold for revenue of $520 million for the same period in 2022. The Company recognized income in aggregate of $130 million from the joint venture in Q1 2023, which can be summarized as follows:

The Company's share of profit from the Kamoa Holding joint venture was $4 million less in Q1 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 and is broken down in the following table:

The realized and provisional copper prices used for the remeasurement (mark-to-market) of contract receivables, can be summarized as follows.

Of the $89 million (Q1 2022: $55 million) finance costs recognized in the Kamoa Holding joint venture for Q1 2023, $74 million (Q1 2022: $48 million) relates to shareholder loans where each shareholder funded Kamoa Holding in an amount equivalent to its proportionate shareholding interest before generating sufficient operational cashflow. Of the remaining finance costs, $12 million (Q1 2022: $5 million) relates to the provisional payment facility available under Kamoa-Kakula's offtake agreements, while $2 million (Q1 2022: $2 million) relates to the equipment financing facilities.

Exploration and project evaluation expenditure amounted to $3 million in Q1 2023 and $12 million for the same period in 2022. Exploration and project evaluation expenditure for Q1 2023 related to exploration at Ivanhoe's Western Foreland exploration licences, while Q1 2022 also included amounts spent at the Kipushi Project, for which expenditure was capitalized in Q1 2023 due to the recommencement of the development of the project.

Finance income for Q1 2023 amounted to $58 million and was $26 million more than for the same period in 2022 ($32 million). Included in finance income is the interest earned on loans to the Kamoa Holding joint venture to fund past development which amounted to $48 million for Q1 2023, and $28 million for the same period in 2022, and increased due to the higher LIBOR rates and higher accumulated loan balance.

The Company recognized a loss on the fair valuation of the embedded derivative financial liability of $31 million for Q1 2023, compared to a loss on the fair valuation of the embedded derivative financial liability of $66 million for Q1 2023, which is further explained in the accounting for the convertible notes section on the Company's MD&A for the three months ended 31 March, 2023.

Financial position as at March 31, 2023 vs. December 31, 2022

The company's total assets increased by $94 million, from $3,969 million as at December 31, 2022, to $4,063 million as at March 31, 2023. The main reason for the increase in total assets was attributable to the increase in the company's investment in the Kamoa Holding joint venture by $130 million and the increase in property, plant and equipment of $50 million as project development continued at the Platreef and Kipushi projects, which was partly offset by the decrease in cash and cash equivalents.

The company's investment in the Kamoa Holding joint venture increased by $130 million from $2,047 million as at December 31, 2022, to $2,177 million as at March 31, 2023. The Company's investment in the Kamoa Holding joint venture can be broken down as follows:

The company's share of net assets in the Kamoa Holding joint venture can be broken down as follows:

Before commencing commercial production in July 2021, the Kamoa Holding joint venture principally used loans advanced to it by its shareholders to advance the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex through investing in development costs and other property, plant and equipment. No additional shareholder loans were advanced in 2022 or 2023 with joint venture cashflow funding its operations and expansions. The joint venture had a healthy cash position as at March 31, 2023, with cash and cash equivalents of $390 million on hand.

The Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 1 and 2 operations are anticipated to generate significant operating cash flow to fund Phase 3 capital cost requirements at current copper prices and the joint venture is arranging short-term financing facilities should a shortfall occur due to a significant decrease in copper prices.

The cash flows of the Kamoa Holding joint venture can be summarized as follows:

The Kamoa Holding joint venture's net increase in property, plant and equipment from December 31, 2022, to March 31, 2023, amounted to $243 million and can be further broken down as follows:

Ivanhoe's cash and cash equivalents decreased by $100 million, from $597 million as at December 31, 2022, to $497 million as at March 31, 2023. The Company spent $70 million on project development and acquiring other property, plant and equipment and used $24 million in its operating activities.

The net increase in property, plant and equipment amounted to $50 million, with additions of $74 million to project development and other property, plant and equipment. Of this total, $45 million pertained to development costs and other acquisitions of property, plant and equipment at the Platreef Project, while $28 million pertained to development costs and other acquisitions of property, plant and equipment at the Kipushi Project as set out below.

The main components of the additions to property, plant and equipment - including capitalized development costs - at the Platreef and Kipushi projects for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and for the same period in 2022, are set out in the following table:

The Company's total liabilities increased by $18 million to $1,146 million as at March 31, 2023, from $1,128 million as at December 31, 2022, with the increase mainly due to the loss on the fair valuation of the embedded derivative liability of $31 million.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

The Company had $497 million in cash and cash equivalents as at March 31, 2023. At this date, the Company had consolidated working capital of approximately $514 million, compared to $595 million at December 31, 2022.

The Company's planned capital expenditure for 2023 and 2024 can be summarized as follows:

All capital expenditure figures are presented on a 100%-project basis.

The ranges provided reflect uncertainty in the timing of Kamoa-Kakula Phase 3 expansion, Platreef Phase 2 capital and Kipushi cash flows between calendar years 2023 and 2024. The 2024 capital expenditure guidance for Platreef and Kipushi excludes sustaining capital required in 2024 post-initial production.

As documented in the Kamoa-Kakula 2023 Integrated Development Plan (IDP 2023) announced on January 30, 2023, the remaining capital cost for the total Phase 3 expansion is estimated at $3.0 billion, including the mine, concentrator, smelter, infrastructure and investment in off-site hydropower infrastructure. The Phase 1 and 2 operations are anticipated to generate significant operating cash flow in 2023 and 2024 and are expected to fund capital cost requirements at current copper prices. The joint venture had cash and cash equivalents of $390 million on hand at the end of March 2023.

Construction for Platreef's Phase 1 Mine is underway, with the first production on track for Q3 2024. The planned Phase 2 capital expenditure at Platreef represents mainly the continuation of sinking Shaft 2 and the construction of the Shaft 2 headframe, as well as the initial optimization study at Platreef to potentially accelerate production from the Phase 2 expansion, which is currently under consideration.

Construction of the Kipushi Mine is also underway, with the processing plant scheduled for completion by Q3 2024. Long-lead equipment items have been ordered and manufacturing is underway, and earthworks and civil construction activities are taking place on the surface. A tri-partite off-take and financing term sheet between Kipushi Corporation SA, Gécamines and Glencore has been signed to return the historic Kipushi zinc-copper-lead-germanium mine to production. The $250 million term financing facility will be split into two tranches and drawn down quarterly, subject to conditions precedent. The facility will bear an annual interest rate of SOFR plus 7% and shall be repaid, following a 24- month grace period from signing, in quarterly installments over 36 months. The off-take and financing term sheet is subject to the execution of final, binding agreements, which are expected to be concluded in conjunction with the new Kipushi joint-venture.

Exploration activities at the Western Foreland exploration project in the DRC, the Mokopane Feeder exploration project in South Africa and other targets will continue in 2023, with an initial budget of $31 million.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES

Kamoa-Kakula's C1 cash costs and C1 cash costs per pound

C1 cash costs and C1 cash costs per pound are non-GAAP financial measures. These are disclosed to enable investors to better understand the performance of Kamoa-Kakula in comparison to other copper producers who present results on a similar basis.

C1 cash costs are prepared on a basis consistent with the industry standard definitions by Wood Mackenzie cost guidelines but are not measures recognized under IFRS. In calculating the C1 cash cost, the costs are measured on the same basis as the Company's share of profit from the Kamoa Holding joint venture that is contained in the financial statements. C1 cash costs are used by management to evaluate operating performance and include all direct mining, processing, and general and administrative costs. Smelter charges and freight deductions on sales to the final port of destination, which are recognized as a component of sales revenues, are added to C1 cash cost to arrive at an approximate cost of finished metal. C1 cash costs and C1 cash costs per pound exclude royalties and production taxes and non-routine charges as they are not direct production costs.

Reconciliation of Kamoa-Kakula's cost of sales to C1 cash costs, including on a per pound basis:

Figures in the above table are for the Kamoa-Kakula joint venture on a 100% basis.

EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and EBITDA margin

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. Ivanhoe believes that Kamoa-Kakula's EBITDA is a valuable indicator of the mine's ability to generate liquidity by producing operating cash flow to fund its working capital needs, service debt obligations, fund capital expenditures and distribute cash to its shareholders. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are also frequently used by investors and analysts for valuation purposes. Kamoa-Kakula's EBITDA and the EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the Company are intended to provide additional information to investors and analysts and do not have any standardized definition under IFRS and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared per IFRS. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA excludes the impact of cash costs of financing activities and taxes, and the effects of changes in operating working capital balances, and therefore are not necessarily indicative of operating profit or cash flow from operations as determined under IFRS. Other companies may calculate EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA differently.

The EBITDA margin is an indicator of Kamoa-Kakula's overall health and denotes its profitability, which is calculated by dividing EBITDA by revenue. The EBITDA margin is intended to provide additional information to investors and analysts, does not have any standardized definition under IFRS, and should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute, for measures of performance prepared per IFRS.

Reconciliation of profit after tax to Kamoa-Kakula's EBITDA:

Figures in the above table are for the Kamoa-Kakula joint venture on a 100% basis.

Reconciliation of profit after tax to Ivanhoe's EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA:

⁽¹⁾ The Company's attributable share of EBITDA from the Kamoa-Kakula joint venture is calculated using the Company's effective shareholding in Kamoa Copper SA (39.6%), Ivanhoe Mines Energy DRC SARL (49.5%), Kamoa Holding Limited (49.5%) and Kamoa Services (Pty) Ltd (49.5%).

This news release should be read in conjunction with Ivanhoe Mines' unaudited 2022 Financial Statements and Management's Discussion and Analysis report available at www.ivanhoemines.com and at www.sedar.com.

Disclosure of technical information

Disclosures of a scientific or technical nature in this news release regarding the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex (other than stockpiles estimation), the Platreef Project and the Kipushi Project have been reviewed and approved by Steve Amos, who is considered, by virtue of his education, experience and professional association, a Qualified Person under the terms of NI 43-101. Mr. Amos is not considered independent under NI 43-101 as he is the Executive Vice President, Projects, at Ivanhoe Mines. Mr. Amos has verified the technical data related to the foregoing disclosed in this news release.

Disclosures of a scientific or technical nature regarding the Kamoa-Kakula stockpiles in this news release have been reviewed and approved by George Gilchrist, who is considered, by virtue of his education, experience and professional association, a Qualified Person under the terms of NI 43-101. Mr. Gilchrist is not considered independent under NI 43- 101 as he is the Vice President, Resources, at Ivanhoe Mines. Mr. Gilchrist has verified the technical data regarding the Kamoa-Kakula stockpiles disclosed in this news release.

Disclosures of a scientific or technical nature regarding the Western Foreland Project in this news release have been reviewed and approved by Stephen Torr, who is considered, by virtue of his education, experience and professional association, a Qualified Person under the terms of NI 43-101. Mr. Torr is not considered independent under NI 43-101 as he is the Vice President, Geosciences, at Ivanhoe Mines. Mr. Torr has verified the technical data regarding the Western Foreland Project disclosed in this news release.

Ivanhoe has prepared an independent, NI 43-101-compliant technical report for the Kamoa-Kakula Project, the Platreef Project and the Kipushi Project, each of which is available on the company's website and under the company's SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com:

• Kamoa-Kakula 2023 IDP Technical Report dated March 6, 2023, prepared by OreWin Pty Ltd.; China Nerin Engineering Co. Ltd.; DRA Global; Epoch Resources; Golder Associates Africa; Metso Outotec Oyj; Paterson and Cooke; SRK Consulting Ltd.; and, The MSA Group.
• The Kipushi 2022 Feasibility Study dated February 14, 2022, prepared by OreWin Pty Ltd., MSA Group (Pty) Ltd., SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, and METC Engineering.
• The Platreef 2022 Feasibility Study dated February 28, 2022, prepared by OreWin Pty Ltd., Mine Technical Services, SRK Consulting Inc., DRA Projects (Pty) Ltd and Golder Associates Africa.

These technical reports include relevant information regarding the effective dates and the assumptions, parameters and methods of the mineral resource estimates on the Platreef Project, the Kipushi Project and the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex cited in this news release, as well as information regarding data verification, exploration procedures and other matters relevant to the scientific and technical disclosure contained in this news release in respect of the Platreef Project, Kipushi Project and Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex.

The Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS and Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PEA were independently prepared by OreWin Pty Ltd. of Adelaide, Australia; China Nerin Engineering Co., Ltd., of Jiangxi, China; DRA Global of Johannesburg, South Africa; Epoch Resources of Johannesburg, South Africa; Golder Associates Africa of Midrand, South Africa; Metso-Outotec Oyj of Helsinki, Finland; Paterson and Cooke of Cape Town, South Africa; SRK Consulting Inc. of Johannesburg, South Africa; and MSA Group of Johannesburg, South Africa.

For the recently announced Kamoa-Kakula 2023 IDP (including the Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS and Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PEA), a new, independent NI 43-101 technical report was filed on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and the Ivanhoe Mines website at www.ivanhoemines.com on March 16, 2023.

Information contact

Follow Robert Friedland (@robert_ivanhoe) and Ivanhoe Mines (@IvanhoeMines_) on Twitter.

Investors
Vancouver: Matthew Keevil +1.604.558.1034
London: Tommy Horton +44 7866 913 207

Media
Tanya Todd +1.604.331.9834

Website www.ivanhoemines.com

Forward-looking statements

Certain statements in this news release constitute "forward-looking statements" or "forward-looking information" within the meaning of applicable securities laws. Such statements and information involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the company, its projects, or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements or information. Such statements can be identified using words such as "may", "would", "could", "will", "intend", "expect", "believe", "plan", "anticipate", "estimate", "scheduled", "forecast", "predict" and other similar terminology, or state that certain actions, events, or results "may", "could", "would", "might" or "will" be taken, occur or be achieved. These statements reflect the company's current expectations regarding future events, performance and results and speak only as of the date of this news release.

Such statements include without limitation, the timing and results of: (i) statements regarding Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 3 expansion targeted for Q4 2024 completion, which is expected to increase copper production to a ten-year average of 620,000 tonnes per annum, at C1 cash cost of $1.22/lb, which expansion includes a new 5.0 Mtpa concentrator; (ii) statements regarding the ultra-high-grade Kipushi zinc-copper-germanium-silver mine being on track for first production in Q3 2024, and project financing being near completion; (iii) statements regarding the Platreef palladium, nickel, platinum, rhodium, copper and gold project in South Africa being scheduled for first production in Q3 2024; (iv) statements that the Kamoa 1 and Kamoa 2 mines will become the main providers of copper ore for Kamoa-Kakula's Phase 3 expansion to over 600,000 tonnes of copper production annually by Q4 2024; (v) statements regarding the installation of a state-of-the-art static compensation unit at the Kolwezi converter station to stabilize the entire southern grid network and provide a significantly improved electricity supply to Kamoa-Kakula; (vi) statements regarding the over-time increase of backup generation capacity on-site at Kamoa Kakula to over 200 MW in a phased roll-out to achieve sufficient redundancy to meet the total power requirement of the mine in situations where extended supply interruptions may occur, with additional 11 MW expected in Q2 2023 and a further 49 MW expected delivered to site toward the end of 2023, all of which is expected to be sufficient power for Phases 1, 2 and 3, excluding the smelter; (vii) statements regarding an agreement to secure up to an additional 100 MW of power from CEC of Zambia, via the DRC-Zambia interconnector, for Kamoa Kakula; (viii) statements that while the ongoing expansion of underground infrastructure at the Kakula mine takes place, ore will be drawn as required from the stockpile to maximize copper production; (ix) statements that commissioning of Phase 3 at Kamoa-Kakula will result in total processing capacity of over 14.2 Mtpa and that this will position Kamoa Copper as the world's third largest copper mining complex and the largest copper mine on the African continent; (x) statements regarding the 2023 exploration program at Western Foreland being approximately $19 million and including up to 70,000 meters of total drilling; (xi) statements regarding the planned release of a maiden Mineral Resource estimate for its Makoko and Kiala high-grade copper discoveries in the Western Foreland in mid-2023; (xii) statements regarding the optimization study at its Tier-One Platreef palladium, nickel, platinum, rhodium, copper and gold mine in South Africa potentially accelerating production from the Phase 2 expansion, which has the benefit of de-risking the development and ramp-up of the Phase 1 mine and may be used to accelerate the ramp-up of underground mining activities for Phase 2, in advance of the completion of Shaft 2, which is expected in 2027; (xiii) statements that the Lualaba Copper Smelter will produce between 650,000 and 800,000 tonnes per annum of high-strength sulphuric acid that is expected to be sold in the domestic DRC market; (xiv) statements that the on-site smelter will offer transformative financial benefits for the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex, most notably of which is a material reduction in logistics costs (which volume of shipments per unit of copper are expected to be more than halved by selling 99+%-pure blister copper anodes instead of copper concentrate), and to a lesser extent reduced concentrate treatment charges and local taxes, as well as revenue from the acid sales; (xv) statements regarding smelter commissioning being expected to drive a decrease in average cash costs (C1) over the first five years (from 2025) to approximately $1.15/lb. of copper, a 21% reduction from the midpoint of the 2023 guidance of $1.45/lb. of payable copper produced; (xvi) statements regarding the Phase 3 concentrator at Kamoa-Kakula being on track for first concentrate in Q4 2024 (which is planned to coincide with the commissioning of an on-site, direct-to-blister flash copper smelter capable of producing 500,000 tonnes per annum of copper anode), and that it will be fed with ore from the existing Kansoko Sud Mine (formerly Kansoko Mine), as well as new mines currently under development in the Kamoa area, known as Kamoa 1 and 2; (xvii) statements regarding the Phase 4 expansion of the Kamoa-Kakula concentrator taking total processing capacity up to 19.2 Mtpa, and that the Phase 4 concentrator will be fed by new mines in the Kamoa area; (xix) statements that the turbine replacement will supply an additional 178-megawatts of clean hydroelectric power to the national grid, and provide power for Phase 3; (xx) statements regarding the first steel erection with respect to the Kamoa Phase 3 concentrator being expected in June 2023;(xxi) statements regarding the Kamoa-Kakula Phase 3 expansion incorporating leading-edge technology supplied by Metso Outotec, which smelter is projected to be one of the largest, single-line copper flash smelters in the world, with a production capacity of 500,000 tonnes per annum of blister copper anodes; (xxii) statements regarding the Kamoa-Kakula Phase 3 smelter having a processing capacity of 1.2Mtpa of dry concentrate feed and being designed to run a blend of concentrate produced from the Kakula (Phase 1 and 2) and Kamoa (Phase 3 and Phase 4) concentrators; (xxiii) statements that Kamoa-Kakula will continue to toll-treat concentrates under a 10-year agreement with the Lualaba Copper Smelter, which is expected to account for approximately 150,000 tonnes of copper concentrate annually, with the balance of copper production being exported as concentrate; (xxiv) statements that construction of the twin declines to the Kamoa 1 and Kamoa 2 underground mines and excavation access to Phase 3 mining areas are advancing well; (xxv) statements that underground mining activities at Kamoa 1 are expected to commence in 2023 and at Kamoa 2 in 2025, and which both involved the same mechanized drift-and-fill mining methods employed at the Kakula mine; (xxvi) statements regarding the future expansions of the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex being powered by clean, renewable hydro-generated electricity which will be developed in partnership with the DRC's state-owned power company SNEL; (xxvii) statements that the refurbishment of the Inga II hydropower facility on the Congo River is on schedule; (xxviii) statements that the Phase 1 and 2 concentrators will continue to process ore from the Kakula Mine, as well as the new adjacent Kakula West Mine from 2029; (xxix) statements regarding Kamoa-Kakula 2023 guidance including contained copper in concentrate of 390,000 to 430,000 tonnes and cash cost (C1) of $1.40 to $1.50 per lb; (xxx) statements that a senior debt facility for Platreef is targeted for completion in the first half of 2023; (xxxi) statements that Shaft 3 at Platreef is scheduled to be completed in Q4 2023; (xxxii) statements that first production at Platreef's Phase 1 concentrator is scheduled for Q3 2024, with majority long-lead equipment orders scheduled for delivery in Q3 2023; (xxxiii) statements that an additional senior credit facility for Platreef is targeted for completion in mid-2023; (xxxiv) statements that the EC&I contract award at Platreef is planned for mid-2023 with site mobilization expected in Q3 2023; (xxxv) statements that the 10-metre diameter Shaft 2 currently under construction will have a hoisting capacity of 8 Mtpa and that Shaft 2 will be utilized in subsequent development phases and will be among the largest hoisting shafts in the world; (xxxvi) statements that the commissioning of Platreef's first solar-power plant is expected in 2023 and that the solar-generated power from the plant will be used for mine development and construction activities, and that the power generated by this plant will support development activities and operations, together with other renewable energy sources to be introduced over time; (xxxvii statements regarding the pilot drilling required for the raise bore center hole of Platreef's Shaft 2 being scheduled to finish during Q2 2023, after which reaming of a 3.1-meter diameter hole is planned; (xxxviii) statements regarding the raise-boring of the 5.1-meter diameter ventilation shaft (Shaft 3) expected to be completed in Q4 2023; (xxxix) statements that equipping Shaft 3 at Platreef with hoisting capacity will provide alternative option to remove ore and waste from the underground mine, which may accelerate ramp-up of underground mining activities for Phase 2; (xl) statements that underground mining activities for Phase 2 at Platreef are expected in 2027; (xli) statements regarding the off-take term sheet, and the entering into definitive agreements with respect thereof, between Kipushi Corporation SA and Gécamines, and the terms of a $250 million term financing facility for Kipushi from Glencore; (xlii) statements regarding the signed agreement between Kipushi Holding and Gécamines to return the ultra-high-grade Kipushi Mine to commercial production, which sets out the commercial terms that will form the basis of a new Kipushi joint-venture agreement establishing a robust framework for the mutually beneficial operation of Kipushi for years to come, which are subject to execution of definitive documentation; (xliii) statements regarding the impact of the joint venture agreement with Gécamines on Ivanhoe Mines' ownership in the Kipushi Project, which is expected to be reduced to 62%, with Gécamines holding the balance of 38%, and the highlights of the new agreement;(xliv) statements that long lead order equipment packages for Kipushi are expected to commence delivery to the site in late summer 2023, with the ball mill delivery planned for Q3 2023; (xlv) statements that first concentrate at Kipushi is on schedule to occur during Q3 2024; (xlvi) statements that Shaft 5 at Kipushi is planned to be the main production shaft with a maximum hoisting capacity of 1.8Mtpa; (xlvii) statements that mining at Kipushi will be performed using highly productive, mechanized methods and that cemented rock fill will be utilized to backfill open stopes with tailings from the surface to reduce surface tailings and maximize ore extraction at Kipushi, where ore is expected to be crushed underground and conveyed to the base of the P5 shaft where it will be hoisted to the surface and conveyed to the nearby run-of-mine stockpile, adjacent to the 800,000-tonne-per-annum concentrator; (xlviii) statements that stoping at the Big Zinc orebody is expected to commence in early 2024 to build a high-grade ore stockpile ahead of processing plant commissioning in Q3 2024; (xlix) statements that gravity survey at the Mokopane Feeder Exploration Project will commence in Q2 2023, and that diamond drilling will be conducted later in the year on targets to be identified from the results of the magnetic and gravity surveys; (l) statements that a new commercial border crossing between DRC-Zambia will provide significant advantage to Kipushi Mine as a direct means of importing materials and consumables and clearing customs, and that it will provide socio-economic benefits to the town and Province of Haut-Katanga; (li) statements that a new commercial border crossing between DRC-Zambia will benefit logistics for Kamoa-Kakula's operations; (lii) statements that diamond drilling is expected to be conducted on the Mokopane Feeder Exploration Project in 2023; (liii) statements that Phase 1 and Phase 2 operations at Kamoa-Kakula are anticipated to generate significant operating cash flows in 2023 and 2024, and are expected to fund capital cost requirements at current copper prices, and that the joint venture is arranging short-term financing facilities should a shortfall occur due to a significant decrease in copper prices; (liv) statements with respect to the Company's planned expenditures for 2023 and 2024; and (lv) statements that 2023 exploration activities have an initial budget of $31 million.

As well, all of the results of the feasibility study for the Kakula copper mine, the Kamoa-Kakula 2023 IDP, the Platreef 2022 feasibility study, and the Kipushi 2022 feasibility study constitute forward-looking statements or information and include future estimates of internal rates of return, net present value, future production, estimates of cash cost, proposed mining plans and methods, mine life estimates, cash flow forecasts, metal recoveries, estimates of capital and operating costs and the size and timing of phased development of the projects.

Furthermore, concerning this specific forward-looking information concerning the operation and development of the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex, Platreef and Kipushi projects, the company has based its assumptions and analysis on certain factors that are inherently uncertain. Uncertainties include: (i) the adequacy of infrastructure; (ii) geological characteristics; (iii) metallurgical characteristics of the mineralization; (iv) the ability to develop adequate processing capacity; (v) the price of copper, nickel, zinc, platinum, palladium, rhodium and gold; (vi) the availability of equipment and facilities necessary to complete development; (vii) the cost of consumables and mining and processing equipment; (viii) unforeseen technological and engineering problems; (ix) accidents or acts of sabotage or terrorism; (x) currency fluctuations; (xi) changes in regulations; (xii) the compliance by joint venture partners with terms of agreements; (xiii) the availability and productivity of skilled labour; (xiv) the regulation of the mining industry by various governmental agencies; (xv) the ability to raise sufficient capital to develop such projects; (xvi) changes in project scope or design; (xvii) recoveries, mining rates and grade; (xviii) political factors; (xviii) water inflow into the mine and its potential effect on mining operations, and (xix) the consistency and availability of electric power.

This news release also contains references to estimates of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. The estimation of Mineral Resources is inherently uncertain and involves subjective judgments about many relevant factors. Estimates of Mineral Reserves provide more certainty but still involve similar subjective judgments. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. The accuracy of any such estimates is a function of the quantity and quality of available data and of the assumptions made and judgments used in engineering and geological interpretation (including estimated future production from the company's projects, the anticipated tonnages and grades that will be mined and the estimated level of recovery that will be realized), which may prove to be unreliable and depend, to a certain extent, upon the analysis of drilling results and statistical inferences that ultimately may prove to be inaccurate. Mineral Resource or Mineral Reserve estimates may have to be re-estimated based on: (i) fluctuations in copper, nickel, zinc, platinum group elements (PGE), gold or other mineral prices; (ii) results of drilling; (iii) metallurgical testing and other studies; (iv) proposed mining operations, including dilution; (v) the evaluation of mine plans after the date of any estimates and/or changes in mine plans; (vi) the possible failure to receive required permits, approvals and licences; and (vii) changes in law or regulation.

Forward-looking statements and information involve significant risks and uncertainties, should not be read as guarantees of future performance or results and will not necessarily be accurate indicators of whether such results will be achieved. Many factors could cause actual results to differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements or information, including, but not limited to, the factors discussed above and under the "Risk Factors" section in the company's MD&A for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and its Annual Information Form, and elsewhere in this news release, as well as unexpected changes in laws, rules or regulations, or their enforcement by applicable authorities; the failure of parties to contracts with the company to perform as agreed; social or labour unrest; changes in commodity prices; and the failure of exploration programs or studies to deliver anticipated results or results that would justify and support continued exploration, studies, development or operations.

Although the forward-looking statements contained in this news release are based upon what management of the company believes are reasonable assumptions, the company cannot assure investors that actual results will be consistent with these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this news release and are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. Subject to applicable securities laws, the company does not assume any obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this news release.

The company's actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of the factors outlined in the "Risk Factors" section and elsewhere in the company's MD&A for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and its Annual Information Form.

To view the source version of this press release, please visit https://www.newsfilecorp.com/release/164648