Royal Gold Reports Steady Portfolio and Financial Performance for the Second Quarter of 2023

Royal Gold, Inc. (NASDAQ: RGLD) (together with its subsidiaries, "Royal Gold," the "Company," "we," "us," or "our") reports net income of $63.4 million, or $0.97 per share, for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, ("second quarter") on revenue of $144.0 million and operating cash flow of $107.9 million. Adjusted net income¹ was $57.2 million, or $0.88 per share.

Second Quarter 2023 Highlights:

• Solid financial results with revenue of $144.0 million, operating cash flow of $107.9 million and earnings of $63.4 million
• Revenue split: 77% gold, 15% silver, 6% copper
• Production volume of 72,900 GEOs²
• Maintained high adjusted EBITDA margin¹ of 80%
• Debt reduced to $400 million after $100 million repayment
• Total available liquidity increased to $702 million
• Revolving credit facility maturity extended to June 28, 2028
• Paid quarterly dividend of $0.375 per share, a 7% increase over the prior year period
• Entered into binding commitment to acquire royalty interests on the producing Serrote and Santa Rita mines for $250 million

"Our second quarter was relatively quiet and the portfolio provided another quarter of solid cash flow," commented Bill Heissenbuttel, President and CEO of Royal Gold. "We repaid $100 million of our outstanding revolving credit facility balance and grew our liquidity to over $700 million by the end of the quarter. We also extended the term of our $1 billion revolving credit facility a further two years to mid-2028, which ensures continued access to a key non-dilutive and flexible financing tool. We greatly appreciate the continued support of our bank group."

"We remain active on the business development front and we entered into a binding commitment letter to provide royalty financing to help create ACG Electric Metals, an emerging supplier of battery metals to the EV supply chain," continued Mr. Heissenbuttel. "We are working alongside the other parties in the transaction towards closing, which we now anticipate could occur within the coming weeks. Upon successful closing we will have precious metal royalty interests on two producing base-metal mines in Brazil with long-term potential, operated by a well-established team. Our role in this transaction demonstrates how our financing product can be applied to unique M&A opportunities while maintaining our strategy of providing precious metals exposure to our shareholders."

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¹ Adjusted net income, adjusted net income per share and adjusted EBITDA margin are non-GAAP financial measures. See Schedule A of this press release for additional information, including a detailed description of adjustments to net income.

² See Schedule A of this press release for additional information about gold equivalent ounces, or GEOs.

Recent Portfolio Developments

Principal Property Updates

Record Plant Throughput at Mount Milligan and Transition to Higher Grade Ore Expected in Second Half of 2023

On July 31, 2023, Centerra Gold Inc. ("Centerra") reported that second quarter gold and copper production at Mount Milligan in British Columbia was impacted by lower grades and recoveries due to mine sequencing, although process plant throughput for the period averaged 61,482 tonnes per day and record tonnes were processed in the months of May and June. Centerra also reported that Mount Milligan remains on track to access higher-grade copper and gold ore from phase 7 and phase 9 in the second half of the year.

Centerra continues to expect that full year 2023 production at Mount Milligan will be back-end weighted, with gold production at the low end of the guidance range of 160,000 to 170,000 ounces, and copper production tracking towards the mid-point of the guidance range of 60 to 70 million pounds. Centerra also expects to make four concentrate shipments in the third quarter and another four shipments in the fourth quarter, although the timing of shipments may be affected by logistical delays resulting from labor disruptions in the Port of Vancouver.

Process Plant Expansion Commissioning Underway with Further Deferral of Silver Deliveries During Ramp-Up at Pueblo Viejo

On May 3 and May 10, 2023, Barrick Gold Corporation ("Barrick") provided updates on the plant expansion and mine life extension project at Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic. With respect to the plant expansion, Barrick reported that construction was 93% complete as of March 31, 2023, and commissioning and operations handover of new equipment were underway. With respect to the mine life extension, Barrick further disclosed on July 27, 2023, that the engineering design for the El Naranjo tailings storage facility ("TSF") project continues to advance and that the environmental license for the new TSF was recently received. Barrick has also reported that geotechnical drilling and site investigation are ongoing to support a feasibility study on the TSF, which is due for completion in the second quarter of 2024.

Silver stream deliveries were approximately 150,700 ounces for the second quarter, compared to approximately 307,100 ounces for the three months ended June 30, 2022. Decreased silver deliveries resulted from lower silver recovery during the current period, and an additional 89,300 ounces of silver deliveries were deferred. The deferred ounces are the result of a mechanism in the stream agreement that allows for the deferral of deliveries in a period if Barrick's share of silver production is insufficient to cover its stream delivery obligations. The stream agreement terms include a fixed 70% silver recovery rate. If actual recovery rates fall below the contractual 70% recovery rate, ounces may be deferred with deferred ounces to be delivered in future periods as silver recovery allows. As of June 30, 2023, approximately 607,700 ounces remain deferred. We expect that silver recoveries could remain highly variable until the plant expansion project is complete and is running at full production levels. We do not expect material deliveries of deferred silver ounces while the plant ramps up to full production levels during 2023, and timing for the delivery of the entire deferred amount is uncertain.

Goldrush Record of Decision Expected in Second Half of 2023 at Cortez

On May 3, 2023, Barrick reported that the Record of Decision ("ROD") on the Goldrush project in Nevada, which is located within the CC Zone at the Cortez Complex, is expected in the second half of 2023. Barrick also reported that mine development and test stoping in the Redhill zone is continuing and a minor permit modification has been approved that will allow underground development to continue until the ROD on the Goldrush Plan of Operations is received. According to Barrick, the extension to the permitting timeline is not expected to have a significant impact on the 2023 outlook and the potential impact, if any, on the outlook from 2024 onwards is currently being reviewed.

Peñasquito Operations Suspended Pending Resolution of Labor Dispute

On June 8, 2023, Newmont Corporation ("Newmont") reported that operations at Peñasquito in Mexico were suspended on June 7, 2023, following a strike action by the National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic. The suspension remains in effect as of the date of this press release and on July 20, 2023, Newmont announced the withdrawal of its full-year 2023 guidance for Peñasquito. Newmont further stated that it cannot estimate when the strike will be resolved, and it will reassess Peñasquito's full year 2023 guidance once a resolution has been reached.

Other Property Updates

Recent notable updates as reported by the operators of other select portfolio assets include:

Producing Properties

Gwalia (1.5% NSR royalty) and Ulysses (0.9% NSR royalty): On June 30, 2023, Genesis Minerals Limited ("Genesis"), owner of the Ulysses development project in Western Australia, announced completion of the acquisition of the nearby Leonora assets from St. Barbara Limited, which includes the producing Gwalia mine. Genesis plans to operate Gwalia and Ulysses as one mine with central processing at the Leonora mill, which Genesis expects will debottleneck mining and increase gold production from the current 120,000 to 130,000 ounces per year to 180,000 to 200,000 ounces per year after completion of development of the Ulysses project. Genesis expects to complete a strategic review of Gwalia in the second half of 2023 and release a 5-year outlook in the first quarter of 2024.

Rainy River (6.5% gold stream, 60% silver stream): New Gold Inc. ("New Gold") reported strong second quarter production from Rainy River of 61,419 GEOs, which was attributed to higher gold grades. In addition, New Gold reported that development of the underground Main Zone commenced as planned, underground grades are reconciling well relative to plan, and that Rainy River remains positioned to meet the previously-provided production guidance range for 2023 of 235,000 to 265,000 GEOs.

Ruby Hill (3% NSR royalty): i-80 Gold Corp. ("i-80") provided an update on several initiatives, which included gold production from the residual leaching program and continued drilling to define and expand mineralization in multiple zones. According to i-80, a Preliminary Economic Assessment ("PEA") for the Ruby Deeps gold deposit is near completion, metallurgical work and associated permitting is being advanced for underground development and processing planning, and approval has been received to drill test the Hilltop Corridor.

Xavantina (25% gold stream): Ero Copper Corp. ("Ero") announced a new record for gold production in the quarter ended March 31, 2023, of 12,443 ounces with processed gold grades up approximately 100% year on year due to planned stope sequencing. Ero also reported that first production from the Matinha Vein is expected in the second half of 2023.

Development Properties

Back River (1.95% GSR royalty): B2Gold Corp. ("B2Gold") provided a construction update and confirmed that the Goose Project in the Back River Gold District remains on schedule for mill completion in Q1 2025. Further according to B2Gold, accelerated underground mining development is expected to increase average gold production in the first five years to over 300,000 ounces per year, and underground mining is now scheduled to mine and backfill the full Umwelt crown pillar earlier in the mine life than previously anticipated, which is expected to contribute over 150,000 ounces of gold production to the life of mine plan. B2Gold anticipates completion of an updated Goose Project life of mine plan in the second half of 2023.

Bellevue (2% NSR royalty): Bellevue Gold Limited ("Bellevue") announced on July 19, 2023, that construction of the Bellevue Gold Mine is progressing well and first production is expected in the fourth quarter of 2023. According to Bellevue, ore from the Vanguard open pit has been trucked to the nearby Leonora mill owned by Genesis, which will enable Bellevue to generate revenue prior to the start of processing at the Bellevue Gold Mine plant in the fourth quarter.

Côté Gold (1% NSR royalty): IAMGOLD Corporation ("IAMGOLD") reported that project completion at the Côté Gold Project had reached approximately 80% at the end of March 2023 and production is expected to commence in early 2024.

Potential Portfolio Addition

Binding Commitment to Acquire Gold/Platinum/Palladium and Copper/Nickel Royalties on the Producing Serrote and Santa Rita Mines

On June 12, 2023, we announced that we entered into a binding commitment letter with ACG Acquisition Company ("ACG") to acquire new royalty interests on the producing Serrote and Santa Rita mines in Brazil for total cash consideration of $250 million, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions, including negotiation and execution of definitive documentation.

ACG has agreed to acquire the Serrote and Santa Rita mines from funds advised by Appian Capital Advisory LLP ("Appian"), and we have agreed to pay the cash consideration for the royalty interests upon the closing of the transaction between ACG and Appian. Based on current metal prices, we expect to fund the $250 million payment at closing from available cash resources and a draw of approximately $200 million on our revolving credit facility.

Gold/Platinum/Palladium Royalties: At closing, we expect to pay cash consideration of $215 million in return for:

• A gross smelter return royalty of 85% of the payable gold from the Serrote mine until the achievement of a revenue threshold of $250 million from this royalty, and 45% thereafter; and,
• A gross smelter return royalty of 64 ounces of gold, 135 ounces of platinum and 100 ounces of palladium for each 1 million pounds of payable nickel produced from the Santa Rita mine until the achievement of a revenue threshold of $100 million from this royalty, at which point the royalty on gold will continue and the royalty on platinum and palladium will terminate.

Royalty revenue will be determined using fixed payabilities of 93% for gold at the Serrote mine and 86% for nickel at the Santa Rita mine. The royalties will have an economic effective date of May 1, 2023, and there will be no deductions applicable to the royalty payments.

Copper/Nickel Royalty: At closing, we expect to pay cash consideration of $35 million in return for a gross smelter return royalty on total payable copper and nickel production from the Serrote and Santa Rita mines at a rate of 0.50% during 2023 and 2024, 0.75% during 2025 and 1.10% thereafter until the achievement of a revenue threshold of $90 million from this royalty, and 0.55% thereafter.

Royalty revenue will be determined using fixed payabilities of 97% for copper at the Serrote mine, and 86% for nickel and 72% for copper at the Santa Rita mine. The royalty will have an economic effective date of May 1, 2023, and there will be no deductions applicable to the royalty payments.

ESG Contribution: We will make a financial commitment of 0.25% of the annual royalty payments received to support programs benefiting the communities within the area of influence of each of the Serrote and Santa Rita mines.

Conditions to Closing: Closing is subject to the successful completion of the ACG transaction with Appian, a minimum working capital position for ACG at closing, and other closing conditions that are standard for transactions of this nature, including the negotiation and execution of definitive royalty and security agreements with ACG and an intercreditor agreement with the senior lenders.

Timing: Closing of the proposed acquisition of the royalties could occur within the coming weeks after completion of all conditions to closing.

Second Quarter 2023 Overview

In the second quarter, the Company recorded net income and comprehensive income attributable to Royal Gold stockholders ("net income") of $63.4 million, or $0.97 per basic and diluted share, as compared to net income of $71.1 million, or $1.08 per basic and diluted share, for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 ("prior year period"). The decrease in net income was primarily attributable to higher debt-related interest expense, as discussed below.

For the second quarter, we recognized total revenue of $144.0 million, comprised of stream revenue of $106.0 million and royalty revenue of $38.0 million at an average gold price of $1,976 per ounce, an average silver price of $24.13 per ounce and an average copper price of $3.84 per pound. This is compared to total revenue of $146.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, comprised of stream revenue of $104.9 million and royalty revenue of $41.6 million, at an average gold price of $1,871 per ounce, an average silver price of $22.60 per ounce and an average copper price of $4.31 per pound.

The decrease in total revenue in the second quarter resulted primarily from lower gold sales at Andacollo, lower copper sales at Mount Milligan and lower gold and silver production attributable to our interest at Peñasquito. The decrease was offset by higher gold production attributable to our interest at Cortez as a result of the newly acquired royalties and higher gold and silver prices when compared to the prior year period.

Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization ("DD&A"), decreased to $23.4 million for the second quarter, from $23.8 million for the prior year period. The decrease, when compared to the prior year period, was primarily due to a decrease in copper sales at Mount Milligan and lower gold sales at Andacollo, offset by higher silver sales at Khoemacau. Cost of sales is specific to our stream agreements and is the result of our purchase of gold, silver and copper for a cash payment. The cash payment for gold from Mount Milligan is the lesser of $435 per ounce or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased, while the cash payment for our other streams is a set contractual percentage of the gold, silver or copper (Mount Milligan) spot price near the date of metal delivery.

General and administrative costs decreased to $9.1 million for the second quarter, from $9.3 million for the prior year period. The decrease was primarily due to lower non-cash stock compensation expense during the current period.

DD&A expense decreased to $38.4 million for the second quarter, from $44.0 million for the prior year period. The decrease was primarily due to lower depletion rates at Mount Milligan and Pueblo Viejo as a result of proven and probable mineral reserve increases when compared to the prior year period. The decrease was partially offset by higher depletion expense at Khoemacau due to the ramp-up of production and additional depletion expense from the newly acquired royalties at Cortez when compared to the prior year period.

Interest and other expense increased to $8.4 million for the second quarter from $1.4 million for the prior year period. The increase was primarily due to higher interest expense as a result of higher average amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility compared to the prior year period. We had $400 million outstanding under our revolving credit facility as of June 30, 2023, compared to zero outstanding as of June 30, 2022. The current all-in borrowing rate under our revolving credit facility was 6.7% as of June 30, 2023.

For the second quarter, we recorded income tax expense of $2.0 million, compared with an income tax benefit of $5.9 million for the prior year period. The income tax expense resulted in an effective tax rate of 3.1% in the current period, compared with (9.0%) for the prior year period. The three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 both included discrete tax benefits attributable to the release of a valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets.

Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $107.9 million for the second quarter, compared to $120.2 million for the prior year period. The decrease was primarily due to higher interest payments on amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility and lower royalty revenue, compared to the prior year period.

Net cash used in investing activities totaled $2.6 million for the second quarter, compared to $0.1 million for the prior year period. The increase was primarily due to higher acquisitions of royalty and stream interests compared to the prior year period.

Net cash used in financing activities totaled $126.0 million for the second quarter, compared to $23.2 million for the prior year period. The increase was primarily due to a repayment of $100 million on our revolving credit facility during the current period.

At June 30, 2023, we had current assets of $165.3 million compared to current liabilities of $63.1 million, which resulted in working capital of $102.2 million and a current ratio of approximately 3 to 1. This compares to current assets of $185.8 million and current liabilities of $63.6 million at December 31, 2022, resulting in working capital of $122.2 million and a current ratio of approximately 3 to 1. The decrease in working capital was primarily due to a decrease in our available cash, which resulted from increased debt repayments during the second quarter.

During the second quarter, liquidity needs were met from $107.9 million in net cash provided by operating activities and available cash resources.

Other Corporate Updates

Total Available Liquidity Increases to Approximately $702 Million

On June 6, 2023, Royal Gold repaid $100 million of outstanding borrowings on the $1 billion revolving credit facility, resulting in $400 million outstanding and $600 million available as of June 30, 2023. Total liquidity at the end of the second quarter increased to approximately $702 million, which consisted of $102 million of working capital and the $600 million undrawn amount available under the revolving credit facility.

As discussed above, Royal Gold anticipates an additional drawdown of approximately $200 million on its revolving credit facility in the near term in connection with the proposed acquisition of new royalty interests on the producing Serrote and Santa Rita mines in Brazil.

Amendment to Revolving Credit Facility Extends Maturity to Mid-2028

On June 28, 2023, the Company entered into a fifth amendment to the revolving credit facility dated as of June 2, 2017, as amended. The fifth amendment extended the scheduled maturity date a further two years from July 7, 2026 to June 28, 2028, replaced LIBOR with Secured Overnight Financing Rate (Term SOFR) as a benchmark interest rate and made certain other administrative changes to the existing revolving credit facility.

This extension provides continued access to a flexible, low cost and non-dilutive source of financing.

Outlook for 2023

There is no change to previously issued guidance for sales of 320,000 to 345,000 GEOs, DD&A expense of $490 to $540 per GEO, and an effective tax rate of 17% to 22% for 2023. However, if operations at Peñasquito remain suspended through the remainder of 2023, and absent other unforeseen events at our producing properties, total GEO sales may come in around the low end of the 2023 guidance range. Additionally, the contribution from the potential acquisition of the Serrote and Santa Rita royalty acquisitions is not included in the 2023 guidance for sales, DD&A and effective tax rate.

Royal Gold has two near term financing commitments which we expect to pay using available cash and drawings on the revolving credit facility. The first is the potential payment of $250 million for the acquisition of royalty interests on the Serrote and Santa Rita mines upon closing of that transaction, which could occur within the coming weeks. The second is the potential payment of up to $4.4 million to a subsidiary of Ero for the achievement of success-based targets related to regional exploration and mineral resource targets under the Xavantina gold stream, which may occur at any time prior to the end of 2024.

Property Highlights

A breakdown of revenue for the Company's stream and royalty portfolio can be found on Table 1 for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2023. Historical production reported by operators of the Company's principal stream and royalty properties can be found on Table 2. Calendar year 2023 operator production estimates for the Company's principal stream and royalty properties compared to actual production reported by the operators at these properties can be found on Table 3. Stream segment purchases and sales for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2023 and inventories for December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 can be found on Table 4. Highlights at certain of the Company's principal producing and development properties during the quarter ended June 30, 2023, compared to the quarter ended June 30, 2022, are detailed in the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which is expected to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 3, 2023.

Royal Gold is a precious metals stream and royalty company engaged in the acquisition and management of precious metal streams, royalties and similar production-based interests. As of June 30, 2023, the Company owned interests on 181 properties on five continents, including interests on 40 producing mines and 20 development stage projects. Royal Gold is publicly traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "RGLD." The Company's website is located at www.royalgold.com.

Note: Management's conference call reviewing the second quarter will be held on Thursday, August 3, 2023, at 12:00 pm Eastern Time (10:00 am Mountain Time). The call will be webcast and archived on the Company's website for a limited time.

Additional Investor Information: Royal Gold routinely posts important information, including information about upcoming investor presentations and press releases, on its website under the Investors tab. Investors and other interested parties are encouraged to enroll at www.royalgold.com to receive automatic email alerts for new postings.

Forward-Looking Statements: This press release includes "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of U.S. federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements are any statements other than statements of historical fact. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, and actual results may differ materially from these statements. Forward-looking statements are often identified by words like "will," "may," "could," "should," "would," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "anticipate," "plan," "forecast," "potential," "intend," "continue," "project," or negatives of these words or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements include, among others, statements about the following: the proposed acquisition of new royalty interests on the producing Serrote and Santa Rita mines in Brazil, including the benefits of the proposed acquisition, details of the anticipated royalties thereon, our plans to fund the purchase price, and expected closing date; our expected financial performance and outlook, including our 2023 guidance for GEOs, DD&A expense per GEO, and effective tax rate; operators' expected operating and financial performance, including production, deliveries, mine plans, environmental and feasibility studies, technical reports, mine facilities, mineral resources and reserves, development and resolution of labor strikes; maintaining our strategy of providing precious metals exposure; the timing of royalty payments and metal deliveries, including deferred amounts at Pueblo Viejo; and the usefulness and importance of non-GAAP financial measures.

Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements include, among others, the following: a lower-price environment for gold, silver, copper, nickel or other metals; operating activities or financial performance of properties on which we hold stream or royalty interests, including inaccuracies in operators' disclosures, variations between actual and forecasted performance, operators' ability to complete projects on schedule and as planned, operators' changes to mine plans and reserves and resources, liquidity needs, mining and environmental hazards, labor disputes, distribution and supply chain disruptions, permitting and licensing issues, or contractual issues involving our stream or royalty agreements; timing of metal deliveries from operators and our subsequent sales of metal; risks associated with doing business in foreign countries; risks that the conditions to closing for the potential acquisition of royalties on the Serrote and Santa Rita mines will not be satisfied and that any announcement relating to the potential acquisition could have adverse effects on the market price of Royal Gold's common stock; the duration of the suspension of operations at Penasquito; increased competition for stream and royalty interests; environmental risks, including those caused by climate change; potential cyber-attacks, including ransomware; our ability to identify, finance, value and complete acquisitions; adverse economic and market conditions, including as a result of government policies, war, natural disasters, and public health issues; changes in laws or regulations governing us, operators or operating properties; changes in management and key employees; pandemics and epidemics, and any related government policies and actions; scrutiny and increased regulation of non-GAAP financial measures; and other factors described in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including Item 1A. Risk Factors of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Most of these factors are beyond our ability to predict or control. Other unpredictable or unknown factors not discussed in this release could also have material adverse effects on forward looking statements.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. We disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Readers are cautioned not to put undue reliance on forward-looking statements.

Statement Regarding Third-Party Information: Certain information provided in this press release, including production estimates, has been provided to us by the operators of the relevant properties or is publicly available information filed by these operators with applicable securities regulatory bodies, including the Securities and Exchange Commission. Royal Gold has not verified, and is not in a position to verify, and expressly disclaims any responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or fairness of any such third-party information and refers the reader to the public reports filed by the operators for information regarding those properties.

Information in this press release concerning the Khoemacau Copper Project was provided to the Company by Cupric Canyon Capital L.P., the privately held owner and developer of Khoemacau. Such information may not have been prepared in accordance with applicable laws, stock exchange rules or international standards governing preparation and public disclosure of technical data and information relating to mineral properties. Royal Gold has not verified, and is not in a position to verify, and expressly disclaims any responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or fairness of this third-party information, and investors are cautioned not to rely upon this information.

Schedule A - Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Certain Other Measures

Overview of non-GAAP financial measures:

Non-GAAP financial measures are intended to provide additional information only and do not have any standard meaning prescribed by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). These measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, because the presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures varies among companies, these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.

We have provided below reconciliations of our non-GAAP financial measures to the comparable GAAP measures. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors for analysis of our business. We use these non-GAAP financial measures to compare period-over-period performance on a consistent basis and when planning and forecasting for future periods. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are used by professional research analysts and others in the valuation, comparison and investment recommendations of companies in our industry. Many investors use the published research reports of these professional research analysts and others in making investment decisions. The adjustments made to calculate our non-GAAP financial measures are subjective and involve significant management judgement. Non-GAAP financial measures used by management in this report or elsewhere include the following:

1. Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, depletion and amortization, or adjusted EBITDA, is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated by the Company as net income adjusted for certain items that impact the comparability of results from period to period, as set forth in the reconciliation below. The net income and adjusted EBITDA margins represent net income or adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenue. We consider adjusted EBITDA to be useful because the measure reflects our operating performance before the effects of certain non-cash items and other items that we believe are not indicative of our core operations.
2. Net debt (or net cash) is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated by the Company as debt (excluding debt issuance costs) as of a date minus cash and equivalents for that same date. Net debt (or net cash) to trailing twelve months (TTM) adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated by the Company as net debt (or net cash) as of a date divided by the TTM adjusted EBITDA (as defined above) ending on that date. We believe that these measures are important to monitor leverage and evaluate the balance sheet. Cash and equivalents are subtracted from the GAAP measure because they could be used to reduce our debt obligations. A limitation associated with using net debt (or net cash) is that it subtracts cash and equivalents and therefore may imply that there is less Company debt than the most comparable GAAP measure indicates. We believe that investors may find these measures useful to monitor leverage and evaluate the balance sheet.
3. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per share are non-GAAP financial measures that are calculated by the Company as net income and net income per share adjusted for certain items that impact the comparability of results from period to period, as set forth in the reconciliations below. We consider these non-GAAP financial measures to be useful because they allow for period-to-period comparisons of our operating results excluding items that we believe are not indicative of our fundamental ongoing operations. The tax effect of adjustments is computed by applying the statutory tax rate in the applicable jurisdictions to the income or expense items that are adjusted in the period presented. If a valuation allowance exists, the rate applied is zero.
4. Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated by the Company as net cash provided by operating activities for a period minus acquisition of stream and royalty interests for that same period. We believe that free cash flow represents an additional way of viewing liquidity as it is adjusted for contractual investments made during such period. Free cash flow does not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures. We believe it is important to view free cash flow as a complement to our consolidated statements of cash flows.
5. Cash general and administrative expense, or cash G&A, is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated by the Company as general and administrative expenses for a period minus non-cash employee stock compensation expense for the same period. We believe that cash G&A is useful as an indicator of overhead efficiency without regard to non-cash expenses associated with employee stock compensation.

Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to U.S. GAAP measures

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, net cash, and net cash to TTM adjusted EBITDA: